- AlmondPrunus dulcis (synonym Prunus amygdalus); the bitter form is Prunus dulcis var. amara and the sweet form var. dulcis
- AppleMalus domestica
- AsparagusAsparagus officinalis
- AvocadoPersea americana
- BananaMusa spp.
- BarleyHordeum vulgare
- BasilOcimum basilicum / Ocimum tenuiflorum / Ocimum × africanum
- Bay LeafLaurus nobilis (bay laurel, the true or sweet bay of the Mediterranean); together with the unrelated 'bay leaves' of other cuisines: Cinnamomum tamala (Indian bay, tejpat), Syzygium polyanthum (Indonesian bay, daun salam), and Litsea glaucescens (Mexican bay)
- BeansPhaseolus vulgaris
- BeetrootBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris
- Black PepperPiper nigrum
- BlueberryVaccinium angustifolium (lowbush wild blueberry, Maritime Canada) · Vaccinium corymbosum (highbush blueberry, New Jersey, domesticated 1916 CE) · Vaccinium myrtillus (European bilberry, Scandinavia and Northern Europe)
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italica
- Brussels SproutBrassica oleracea var. gemmifera
- BuckwheatFagopyrum esculentum (common buckwheat); together with Fagopyrum tataricum (Tartary or bitter buckwheat), the cold- and altitude-hardy species of the high Himalaya and the southwest Chinese mountains
- CabbageBrassica oleracea
- CardamomElettaria cardamomum (green/true cardamom) / Amomum compactum (round/Java cardamom)
- CarrotDaucus carota
- CashewAnacardium occidentale
- CeleryApium graveolens
- CherryPrunus avium (sweet cherry); Prunus cerasus (sour or tart cherry); together with the East Asian flowering cherries (Prunus serrulata and its kin, the sakura), whose blossoms and leaves are used in Japanese cookery
- ChickpeaCicer arietinum
- Chilli PepperCapsicum spp.
- CinnamonCinnamomum spp.
- ClovesSyzygium aromaticum
- CocoaTheobroma cacao
- CoconutCocos nucifera
- CoffeeCoffea arabica / Coffea canephora
- Coriander/CilantroCoriandrum sativum
- CornZea mays
- CucumberCucumis sativus
- CuminCuminum cyminum
- Eggplant / AubergineSolanum melongena
- FigFicus carica (common fig); Ficus sycomorus (sycamore fig, Africa)
- GarlicAllium sativum
- GingerZingiber officinale
- GrapesVitis vinifera
- GuavaPsidium guajava (common or apple guava); with the related strawberry guava (Psidium cattleyanum) and the pineapple guava or feijoa (Acca sellowiana), distinct fruits of the same myrtle family
- KaleBrassica oleracea in its leafy, non-heading forms (var. acephala and var. sabellica, curly kale; var. palmifolia, the Tuscan cavolo nero; var. viridis, collard greens; var. alboglabra, Chinese kale or kai-lan); together with the separate species Brassica napus (Russian and Siberian kale) and Brassica carinata (Ethiopian kale)
- LemonCitrus limon
- LentilsLens culinaris
- LettuceLactuca sativa (cultivated lettuce), domesticated from Lactuca serriola (wild or prickly lettuce); cultivated chiefly as romaine or cos (var. longifolia), butterhead and crisphead (var. capitata), looseleaf (var. crispa), and the Chinese stem lettuce or celtuce (var. angustana)
- MangoMangifera indica
- MilletA group name for several small-seeded cereal grasses: Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet); Setaria italica (foxtail millet); Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn or proso millet); Eleusine coracana (finger millet, ragi); together with the West African fonio (Digitaria exilis) and a range of minor millets
- MintMentha spp.
- Musk MelonCucumis melo
- Nutmeg/MaceMyristica fragrans
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentus
- OliveOlea europaea
- OnionAllium cepa
- OrangeCitrus × sinensis
- OreganoOriganum vulgare · Lippia graveolens
- ParsleyPetroselinum crispum
- PeaPisum sativum
- PeachPrunus persica
- PeanutArachis hypogaea
- PearPyrus communis (European) / Pyrus pyrifolia (Asian)
- PineappleAnanas comosus
- PistachioPistacia vera (culinary pistachio); Pistacia terebinthus (terebinth, gathered wild in the Levant and Mediterranean); Pistacia lentiscus (mastic tree, Chios)
- PlumPrunus domestica (European plum); Prunus salicina (Japanese plum); Prunus mume (ume, Chinese plum); Prunus cerasifera (cherry plum)
- PomegranatePunica granatum; the dwarf ornamental is var. nana, and the wild Socotran relative is the separate species Punica protopunica
- PotatoSolanum tuberosum
- Pumpkin & SquashCucurbita spp.
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoa
- RadishRaphanus sativus
- RiceOryza sativa
- RosemarySalvia rosmarinus (syn. Rosmarinus officinalis)
- SaffronCrocus sativus
- SageSalvia officinalis · Salvia fruticosa · Salvia hispanica
- SesameSesamum indicum (syn. Sesamum orientale); wild progenitor Sesamum mulayanum
- SorghumSorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
- SoyGlycine max
- StrawberryFragaria vesca (wild Eurasian) · F. virginiana (wild North American) · F. chiloensis (wild Chilean) · F. × ananassa (garden hybrid, 1750)
- TarragonArtemisia dracunculus (tarragon), in its two cultivated forms, the sterile French tarragon (var. sativa) and the hardy, seed-grown Russian tarragon; together with the unrelated Tagetes lucida (Mexican tarragon, pericón, or yauhtli), a marigold used as a tarragon substitute in the New World
- TeaCamellia sinensis
- ThymeThymus vulgaris · Origanum syriacum · Zataria multiflora
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicum
- TurmericCurcuma longa
- TurnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapa (the European turnip); together with the East Asian turnips of Brassica rapa (the Japanese kabu, including the large Shogoin) and the leafy turnip-greens grown from the same species (cime di rapa or broccoli rabe, the Iberian grelos and nabiças); to be distinguished from the swede or rutabaga, Brassica napus, the larger yellow root widely called 'turnip' in Britain
- VanillaVanilla planifolia
- WalnutJuglans regia (Persian walnut); Juglans nigra (Black walnut)
- WatermelonCitrullus lanatus
- WheatTriticum spp.
- ZucchiniCucurbita pepo var. cylindrica